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American Family Physician Dec 2015An elevated white blood cell count has many potential etiologies, including malignant and nonmalignant causes. It is important to use age- and pregnancy-specific normal...
An elevated white blood cell count has many potential etiologies, including malignant and nonmalignant causes. It is important to use age- and pregnancy-specific normal ranges for the white blood cell count. A repeat complete blood count with peripheral smear may provide helpful information, such as types and maturity of white blood cells, uniformity of white blood cells, and toxic granulations. The leukocyte differential may show eosinophilia in parasitic or allergic conditions, or it may reveal lymphocytosis in childhood viral illnesses. Leukocytosis is a common sign of infection, particularly bacterial, and should prompt physicians to identify other signs and symptoms of infection. The peripheral white blood cell count can double within hours after certain stimuli because of the large bone marrow storage and intravascularly marginated pools of neutrophils. Stressors capable of causing an acute leukocytosis include surgery, exercise, trauma, and emotional stress. Other nonmalignant etiologies of leukocytosis include certain medications, asplenia, smoking, obesity, and chronic inflammatory conditions. Symptoms suggestive of a hematologic malignancy include fever, weight loss, bruising, or fatigue. If malignancy cannot be excluded or another more likely cause is not suspected, referral to a hematologist/oncologist is indicated.
Topics: Education, Medical, Continuing; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytes; Leukocytosis; Practice Guidelines as Topic
PubMed: 26760415
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of Laboratory Medicine Jan 2013A microscopic examination of an appropriately prepared and well-stained blood smear by a knowledgeable laboratory professional is necessary and clinically useful in a... (Review)
Review
A microscopic examination of an appropriately prepared and well-stained blood smear by a knowledgeable laboratory professional is necessary and clinically useful in a number of circumstances and for a variety of reasons. In this article, an attempt is made to delineate the purpose and criteria for blood smear examination in a variety of circumstances that are encountered in everyday laboratory hematology practice. A blood smear scan serves to at least (a) verify the flagged automated hematology results and (b) determine if a manual differential leukocyte count needs to be performed. Blood smear examination/manual differential leukocyte count with complete blood count (CBC) provides the complete hematologic picture of the case, at least from the morphologic standpoint. Blood smear review with or without interpretation serves to ensure that no clinically significant finding is missed, besides providing diagnosis or diagnostic clue(s), particularly if and when interpreted by a physician.
Topics: Blood Cell Count; Hematologic Tests; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytes; Medical Laboratory Personnel
PubMed: 23301216
DOI: 10.3343/alm.2013.33.1.1 -
Acta Cytologica 2021
Topics: COVID-19; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Killer Cells, Natural; SARS-CoV-2; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer
PubMed: 32799199
DOI: 10.1159/000510110 -
International Journal of Laboratory... Apr 2012Schistocytes are fragments of red blood cells (RBCs) produced by extrinsic mechanical damage within the circulation. The detection of schistocytes is an important...
Schistocytes are fragments of red blood cells (RBCs) produced by extrinsic mechanical damage within the circulation. The detection of schistocytes is an important morphological clue to the diagnosis of thrombotic microangiopathic anemia (TMA). Reporting criteria between different laboratories, however, are not uniform, owing to variability of shape and nature of fragments, as well as subjectivity and heterogeneity in their morphological assessment. Lack of standardization may lead to inconsistency or misdiagnosis, thereby affecting treatment and clinical outcome. The Schistocyte Working Group of the International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH) has prepared specific recommendations to standardize schistocyte identification, enumeration, and reporting. They deal with the type of smear, method of counting, morphological description based on positive criteria (helmet cells, small, irregular triangular, or crescent-shaped cells, pointed projections, and lack of central pallor). A schistocyte count has a definite clinical value for the diagnosis of TMA in the absence of additional severe red cell shape abnormalities, with a confident threshold value of 1%. Automated counting of RBC fragments is also recommended by the ICSH Working Group as a useful complement to the microscope, according to the high predictive value of negative results, but worthy of further research and with limits in quantitation.
Topics: Erythrocyte Count; Erythrocytes, Abnormal; Humans; Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
PubMed: 22081912
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-553X.2011.01380.x -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Jul 2018
Topics: Humans; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Male; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Middle Aged; Neutrophils; Phagocytosis; Staphylococcal Infections
PubMed: 29649607
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.03.035 -
Medical & Biological Engineering &... Sep 2022Anemia is a blood disorder which is caused due to inadequate red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration. It occurs in all phases of life cycle but is more dominant in... (Review)
Review
Anemia is a blood disorder which is caused due to inadequate red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration. It occurs in all phases of life cycle but is more dominant in pregnant women and infants. According to the survey conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) (McLean et al., Public Health Nutr 12(4):444-454, 2009), anemia affects 1.62 billion people constituting 24.8% of the population and is considered the world's second leading cause of illness. The Peripheral Blood Smear (PBS) examination plays an important role in evaluating hematological disorders. Anemia is diagnosed using PBS. Being the most powerful analytical tool, manual analysis approach is still in use even though it is tedious, prone to errors, time-consuming and requires qualified laboratorians. It is evident that there is a need for an inexpensive, automatic and robust technique to detect RBC disorders from PBS. Automation of PBS analysis is very active field of research that motivated many research groups to develop methods using image processing. In this paper, we present a review of the methods used to analyze the characteristics of RBC from PBS images using image processing techniques. We have categorized these methods into three groups based on approaches such as RBC segmentation, RBC classification and detection of anemia, and classification of anemia. The outcome of this review has been presented as a list of observations.
Topics: Anemia; Erythrocyte Count; Erythrocytes; Female; Hematologic Tests; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Pregnancy
PubMed: 35838854
DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02614-z -
BMC Bioinformatics Dec 2022Researchers have tried to identify and count different blood cells in microscopic smear images by using deep learning methods of artificial intelligence to solve the...
BACKGROUND
Researchers have tried to identify and count different blood cells in microscopic smear images by using deep learning methods of artificial intelligence to solve the highly time-consuming problem.
RESULTS
The three types of blood cells are platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells. This study used the Resnet50 network as a backbone network of the single shot detector (SSD) for automatically identifying and counting different blood cells and, meanwhile, proposed a systematic method to find a better combination of algorithm hyperparameters of the Resnet50 network for promoting accuracy for identifying and counting blood cells. The Resnet50 backbone network of the SSD with its optimized algorithm hyperparameters, which is called the Resnet50-SSD model, was developed to enhance the feature extraction ability for identifying and counting blood cells. Furthermore, the algorithm hyperparameters of Resnet50 backbone networks of the SSD were optimized by the Taguchi experimental method for promoting detection accuracy of the Resnet50-SSD model. The experimental result shows that the detection accuracy of the Resnet50-SSD model with 512 × 512 × 3 input images was better than that of the Resnet50-SSD model with 300 × 300 × 3 input images on the test set of blood cells images. Additionally, the detection accuracy of the Resnet50-SSD model using the combination of algorithm hyperparameters got by the Taguchi method was better than that of the Resnet50-SSD model using the combination of algorithm hyperparameters given by the Matlab example.
CONCLUSION
In blood cell images acquired from the BCCD dataset, the proposed Resnet50-SSD model had higher accuracy in identifying and counting blood cells, especially white blood cells and red blood cells.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Research Design; Blood Cells
PubMed: 36482316
DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-05074-2 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2021The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate matrix assisted LASER desorption ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of blood...
The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate matrix assisted LASER desorption ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of blood smear. Integrated light microscope and MALDI IT-TOF mass spectrometer, together with a matrix sublimation device, were used for analysis of blood smears coming from healthy male donors. Different blood plasma removal, matrix deposition, and instrumental settings were evaluated using the negative and positive ionization modes while agreement between the light microscopy images and the lateral distributions of cellular marker compounds served as the MSI quality indicator. Red and white blood cells chemical composition was analyzed using the differential / expression. Five seconds of exposure to ethanol followed by the 5 min of 9-aminoacridine or α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid deposition, together with two sets of instrumental settings, were selected for the MALDI TOF MSI experiments. Application of the thin and transparent matrix layers assured good correspondence between the LASER footprints and the preselected regions of interest. Cellular marker / signals coincided well with the appropriate cells. A metabolite databases search using the differentially expressed / produced hits which were consistent with the respective cell types. This study sets the foundations for application of blood smear MALDI TOF MSI in clinical diagnostics and research.
Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Erythrocytes; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Leukocytes; Male; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Young Adult
PubMed: 33430160
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020585 -
International Journal of Laboratory... May 2018Morphological review of the peripheral blood smear is still a crucial diagnostic aid as it provides relevant information related to the diagnosis and is important for... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Morphological review of the peripheral blood smear is still a crucial diagnostic aid as it provides relevant information related to the diagnosis and is important for selection of additional techniques. Nevertheless, the distinctive cytological characteristics of the blood cells are subjective and influenced by the reviewer's interpretation and, because of that, translating subjective morphological examination into objective parameters is a challenge.
METHODS
The use of digital microscopy systems has been extended in the clinical laboratories. As automatic analyzers have some limitations for abnormal or neoplastic cell detection, it is interesting to identify quantitative features through digital image analysis for morphological characteristics of different cells.
RESULT
Three main classes of features are used as follows: geometric, color, and texture. Geometric parameters (nucleus/cytoplasmic ratio, cellular area, nucleus perimeter, cytoplasmic profile, RBC proximity, and others) are familiar to pathologists, as they are related to the visual cell patterns. Different color spaces can be used to investigate the rich amount of information that color may offer to describe abnormal lymphoid or blast cells. Texture is related to spatial patterns of color or intensities, which can be visually detected and quantitatively represented using statistical tools.
CONCLUSION
This study reviews current and new quantitative features, which can contribute to optimize morphology through blood cell digital image processing techniques.
Topics: Blood Cells; Cell Shape; Color; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Microscopy
PubMed: 29741256
DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12832 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jun 2020Hematological analysis, via a complete blood count (CBC) and microscopy, is critical for screening, diagnosing, and monitoring blood conditions and diseases but requires...
Hematological analysis, via a complete blood count (CBC) and microscopy, is critical for screening, diagnosing, and monitoring blood conditions and diseases but requires complex equipment, multiple chemical reagents, laborious system calibration and procedures, and highly trained personnel for operation. Here we introduce a hematological assay based on label-free molecular imaging with deep-ultraviolet microscopy that can provide fast quantitative information of key hematological parameters to facilitate and improve hematological analysis. We demonstrate that this label-free approach yields 1) a quantitative five-part white blood cell differential, 2) quantitative red blood cell and hemoglobin characterization, 3) clear identification of platelets, and 4) detailed subcellular morphology. Analysis of tens of thousands of live cells is achieved in minutes without any sample preparation. Finally, we introduce a pseudocolorization scheme that accurately recapitulates the appearance of cells under conventional staining protocols for microscopic analysis of blood smears and bone marrow aspirates. Diagnostic efficacy is evaluated by a panel of hematologists performing a blind analysis of blood smears from healthy donors and thrombocytopenic and sickle cell disease patients. This work has significant implications toward simplifying and improving CBC and blood smear analysis, which is currently performed manually via bright-field microscopy, and toward the development of a low-cost, easy-to-use, and fast hematological analyzer as a point-of-care device and for low-resource settings.
Topics: Blood Cell Count; Blood Cells; Equipment Design; Humans; Microscopy, Ultraviolet; Molecular Imaging; Point-of-Care Systems
PubMed: 32561645
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001404117